• Computed Tomography (CT) dose optimization through protocol customization and age/size-based modulation, demonstrating dose reductions via adjusted mA/pitch and on-line modulation across pediatric populations [1], [4], [7], [17], [14], [13].

• Dosimetry methodologies using phantoms and detectors to quantify pediatric radiation exposure, including pediatric phantoms, in vivo dosimetry, LiF detectors, and MOSFET comparisons across modalities [14], [11], [10], [12], [13].

• Establishment of reference dose frameworks and diagnostic reference levels for pediatric imaging, highlighting historical development and age-specific benchmarks and dose burden assessments [17], [20], [19], [8].

• Computational dose modeling and age-dependent normalization using Monte Carlo and convolution-based methods to estimate organ doses across pediatric phantom ages, enabling age-aware dose assessment [6], [7], [15].

• Cross-modality dose considerations and dose education, comparing digital radiography versus Computed Tomography (CT) dose implications and advancing measurement-centric perspectives such as Beyond CTDI to inform pediatric radiology practice [3], [2], [13].